Heart Defects

How Do Heart Defects Affect Children?

Heart defects can impact children’s health in different ways, including:

• Blood Flow Issues: The heart may not pump blood properly, leading to poor oxygen levels in the body.
• Heart Enlargement: The heart may become larger as it works harder to pump blood.
• Irregular Heartbeat: Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) can develop.
• Valve Problems: If heart valves don’t open and close properly, blood may not flow correctly.

Health Effects

• Low Oxygen Levels (Cyanosis): This can cause a bluish tint to the skin, lips, or nails.
• Tiredness and Shortness of Breath: Children with heart defects may get tired easily, even when eating or playing.
• Slow Growth and Weight Gain: Babies with heart defects may have trouble feeding and growing.
• Heart Failure: If the heart has to work too hard, it can weaken over time.
• Increased Risk of Infections: Some heart defects raise the risk of heart infections, like endocarditis.

What Causes Heart Defects?

Heart defects can happen for several reasons, but some common causes include:

• Genetic Factors
• Family History: If a close relative has a heart defect, there’s a higher chance that a child will have one,, too.
• Genetic Conditions: Conditions like Down syndrome or Noonan syndrome often come with heart defects.
• Maternal Factors
• Illness During Pregnancy: Infections like rubella (German measles) during pregnancy can increase the risk of heart defects.
• Diabetes: If diabetes is not well-controlled during pregnancy, it can raise the risk of heart problems in the baby.
• Medications and Alcohol: Certain medications, alcohol, and drugs can affect heart development.
• Environmental Factors
• Age of the Mother: Women over 35 have a slightly higher chance of having a baby with a heart defect.
• Exposure to Chemicals: Exposure to harmful chemicals or radiation can affect a baby’s heart development.

Signs and Symptoms of Heart Defects

Some children show symptoms right after birth, while others may not show signs until later. Symptoms include:

• Bluish Skin or Lips (Cyanosis): Low oxygen levels in the blood cause a blue tint to the skin.
• Breathing Problems: Babies may breathe quickly or have difficulty breathing, especially during feeding.
• Slow Growth and Feeding Issues: Some babies have trouble feeding and may not gain weight properly.
• Tiredness or Weakness: Children may tire quickly during play or daily activities.
• Swelling: Fluid may build up in the legs, abdomen, or around the eyes.
• Heart Murmur: Doctors may hear an unusual sound in the heart using a stethoscope.

How Are Heart Defects Diagnosed?

To find a heart defect, doctors use several tests:

• Physical Exam: A doctor listens for heart murmurs and checks for signs like cyanosis or swelling.
• Echocardiogram: An ultrasound of the heart that shows its structure and movement.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): Measures the heart’s electrical activity to detect abnormal rhythms.
• Chest X-ray: Helps doctors see the size and shape of the heart and lungs.
• Pulse Oximetry: Measures the oxygen levels in the blood using a small sensor on the baby’s finger or toe.

Types of Heart Defects

Septal Defects ("Hole in the Heart")

• Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): A hole between the heart’s upper chambers (atria).
• Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): A hole between the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles).

Valve Defects

• Pulmonary Stenosis: The valve leading to the lungs is too narrow, making it harder for blood to reach the lungs.
• Aortic Stenosis: The valve leading to the body is too narrow, making it harder for blood to flow to the body.

Blood Vessel Defects

• Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): A connection between two major blood vessels doesn't close after birth.
• Coarctation of the Aorta: A narrowing of the aorta that restricts blood flow to the lower body.

Complex Heart Defects

• Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF): A combination of four heart defects that affect blood flow and oxygen levels.
• Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS): The left side of the heart is underdeveloped, making it hard for blood to flow properly.

How Are Heart Defects Treated?

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the defect. Some defects heal on their own, while others may require treatment such as:

Medications

• To Control Symptoms: Medications can help control heart rhythm, lower blood pressure, or remove extra bodily fluid.
• To Prevent Infections: Antibiotics may be given before certain medical procedures to prevent infection.

Minimally Invasive Procedures

• Balloon Valvuloplasty: A small balloon is used to widen a narrow valve.
• Device Closure: A small device is placed in the heart to close a hole (like ASD or VSD) without open-heart surgery.

Surgery

• Open-heart surgery: Surgery to repair valves, vessels, or heart chambers may be necessary for more serious defects.
• Heart Transplant: If the heart is too damaged, a transplant may be necessary.

How Can Parents Help Prevent Heart Defects?

While not all heart defects can be prevented, parents can reduce the risk by:

• Prenatal Care: See a doctor early and regularly during pregnancy.
• Healthy Lifestyle: Avoid smoking, alcohol, and drugs during pregnancy.
• Good Nutrition: Eat a balanced diet and take prenatal vitamins with folic acid.
• Vaccinations: Get vaccinated against rubella before pregnancy.
• Manage Health Conditions: Control diabetes or other health issues during pregnancy.

Living with a Heart Defect

Many children with heart defects grow up to live healthy lives. Regular checkups help track heart health and catch potential problems early. Some children may need ongoing care or medication, but with proper management, they can participate in daily activities like other kids. Parents play a key role in supporting their child’s health, ensuring follow-up visits, and encouraging a heart-healthy lifestyle.