Other Heart Conditions

Signs and Symptoms

Common symptoms include a high fever lasting more than five days, red eyes, rash, swollen hands and feet, cracked lips, and a red, swollen “strawberry” tongue. Children may also have irritability and swollen lymph nodes.

Complications

If not treated promptly, Kawasaki Disease can lead to heart complications, such as coronary artery inflammation or aneurysms, which may require long-term monitoring.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and ruling out other conditions. Treatment involves intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin to reduce inflammation and prevent heart-related complications. Early treatment significantly improves outcomes.

Pericarditis

What is Pericarditis?

Pericarditis is inflammation of the thin sac-like membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart. It can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) and may be caused by viral infections, autoimmune conditions, or other underlying issues.

Symptoms

The most common symptom is sharp chest pain that worsens with deep breathing or lying down. Other signs include fever, breathing difficulties, and general weakness.

Diagnosis and Management

A paediatric cardiologist may perform a physical exam and order diagnostic tests, such as an ECG, echocardiogram, or blood tests. Treatment may include anti-inflammatory medication, with severe cases requiring hospitalisation for close monitoring.

Prognosis

Most children recover fully with appropriate treatment, although some may experience recurrent episodes requiring further care.

Syncope (Fainting)

What is Syncope?

Syncope is a temporary loss of consciousness due to a sudden reduction in blood flow to the brain. It’s relatively common in children and teens and is usually not linked to serious heart issues. However, in some cases, it may signal an underlying heart problem.

Triggers and Causes

Triggers include standing for long periods, dehydration, sudden posture changes, or emotional stress. In rare cases, syncope may be linked to arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms) or structural heart defects.

Diagnosis and Evaluation

The cardiologist will review the child’s medical history, conduct a physical exam, and may order an ECG or tilt-table test. Additional imaging or heart monitoring may be done to rule out heart conditions.

Treatment and Prevention

Simple lifestyle changes, like staying hydrated and recognising early warning signs, can help prevent syncope. If linked to heart issues, treatment will be tailored to the child’s condition.

Bacterial Endocarditis

What is Bacterial Endocarditis?

Bacterial endocarditis is an infection of the heart’s inner lining (endocardium) or valves. Children with certain heart defects or those who’ve had heart surgery are at higher risk. It occurs when bacteria from the bloodstream attach to damaged heart tissue.

Signs and Symptoms

Early signs include fever, fatigue, joint pain, and weight loss. Children may develop heart murmurs, skin rashes, or small blood spots under their nails as the infection progresses.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis is confirmed with blood cultures to identify bacteria and echocardiography to check for heart damage. Treatment involves a course of intravenous antibiotics, often administered in the hospital. Severe cases may require surgery to repair or replace damaged valves.

Prevention

High-risk children should maintain good oral hygiene and attend regular dental check-ups. Prophylactic antibiotics may sometimes be recommended before certain medical or dental procedures.

Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)

What is Familial Hypercholesterolemia?

FH is a genetic condition that causes high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol from a young age. If untreated, it significantly increases the risk of early heart disease.

Recognising FH in Children

FH often has no symptoms initially, so early screening is essential, especially if there is a family history of high cholesterol or heart disease. Children may sometimes develop cholesterol deposits around their eyes or tendons.

Diagnosis and Management

Diagnosis involves a blood test to measure cholesterol and a review of family history. Genetic testing may be recommended. Management focuses on lifestyle changes, such as a heart-healthy diet and regular physical activity. In some cases, medication like statins may be needed to control cholesterol levels.

Long-term Outlook

With early diagnosis and ongoing management, children with FH can maintain good heart health and reduce the risk of future heart disease. Regular follow-ups with a paediatric cardiologist are essential to monitor cholesterol levels and adjust treatment as needed.

If you have any questions or want to learn more about these and other heart conditions in children, please contact Our Little Hearts. Dr David Youssef is dedicated to providing comprehensive and compassionate care for your child's heart health.